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李嘉欣

《哥舒歌》原文翻译及赏析_作者西鄙人北斗七星高哥舒夜带刀至今窥牧马不敢过临洮《前出塞九首·其六》原文翻译及赏析_作者杜甫挽弓当挽强用箭当用长射人先射马擒贼先擒王杀人亦有限列国自有疆苟能制侵陵岂在多杀伤作者是唐代诗人杜甫诗人先写出塞九首后又写出塞五首加前后以示区别前出塞是写天宝末年哥舒翰征伐吐蕃的时事意在讽刺唐玄宗的开边黩武本篇原列第六首是其中较有名的一篇诗的前四句很象是当时军中流行的作战歌诀颇富韵致饶有理趣深得议论要领所以黄生说它似谣似谚最是乐府妙境两个当两个先妙语连珠开人胸臆提出了作战步骤的关键所在强调部伍要强悍士气要高昂对敌有方略智勇须并用四句以排句出之如数家珍宛若总结战斗经验然而从整篇看它还不是作品的主旨所在而只是下文的衬笔后四句才道出赴边作战应有的终极目的杀人亦有限列国自有疆苟能制侵陵岂在多杀伤诗人慷慨陈词直抒胸臆发出振聋发聩的呼声他认为拥强兵只为守边赴边不为杀伐不论是为制敌而射马不论是不得已而杀伤不论是拥强兵而擒王都应以制侵陵为限度不能乱动干戈更不应以黩武为能事侵犯异邦这种以战去战以强兵制止侵略的思想是恢宏正论安边良策它反映了国家的利益人民的愿望所以张会在杜诗府粹里说这几句大经济语借戍卒口说出从艺术构思说作者采用了先扬后抑的手法前四句以通俗而富哲理的谣谚体开势讲如何练兵用武怎样克敌制胜后四句却写如何节制武功力避杀伐逼出止戈为武本旨先行辅笔后行主笔辅笔与主笔之间看似掠转实是顺接看似矛盾实为辩证因为如无可靠的武备就不能制止外来侵略但自恃强大武装而穷兵黩武也是不可取的所以诗人主张既拥强兵又以制侵陵为限才符合最广大人民的利益浦起龙在读杜心解中很有体会地说上四句如此飞腾下四句忽然掠转兔起鹘落如是如是这里说的飞腾和掠转就是指作品中的奔腾气势和波澜这里说的兔起鹘落就是指在奔腾的气势中自然地逼出拥强兵而反黩武的深邃题旨在唐人的篇什中以议论取胜的作品较少而本诗却以此见称它以立意高正气宏富哲理有气势而博得好评
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